Operating System and Microsoft Corporation Essay Example for Free

Operating System and Microsoft Corporation Essay Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational software corporation headquartered in Redmond, Washington that develops, manufactures, licenses, and supports a wide range of products and services related to computing. The company was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen on April 4, 1975. Microsoft is the worlds largest software maker measured by revenues.[3] It is also one of theworlds most valuable companies.[4] Microsoft was established to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800. It rose to dominate the personal computeroperating system market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s, followed by the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems. The companys 1986 initial public offering, and subsequent rise in its share price, created an estimated three billionaires and 12,000 millionaires from Microsoft employees. Since the 1990s, it has increasingly diversified from the operating system market and has made a number of corporate acquisitions. In May 2011, Microsoft acquired Skype Technologies for $8.5 billion in its largest acquisition to date.[5] As of 2012, Microsoft is market dominant in both the PC operating system and office suite markets (the latter with Microsoft Office). The company also produces a wide range of other software for desktops and servers, and is active in areas including internet search(with Bing), the video game industry (with the Xbox and Xbox 360 consoles), the digital services market (through MSN), and mobile phones (via the Windows Phone OS). In June 2012, Microsoft announced that it would be entering the PC vendor market for the first time, with the launch of the Microsoft Surface tablet computer. In the 1990s, critics began to contend that Microsoft used monopolistic business practices and anti-competitive strategies includingrefusal to deal and tying, put unreason able restrictions in the use of its software, and used misrepresentative marketing tactics; both the U.S. Department of Justice and European Commission found the company in violation of antitrust laws. Microsoft is the undisputed leader in the market for operating systems (Sheremata 1997). The Microsoft Corporation has produced the vast majority of operating systems for all personal computers (PCs); moreover, operating systems that Microsoft has created are Windows95, Windows 3.1, and DOS. They also have produced the leading spreadsheet and word processors for both Windows and Macintosh operating systems. They own 85% of the market share with their office software Word, Excel, Powerpoint, Microsoft Exchange, and Microsoft Access. Not surprisingly, most of us have used some if not all of these products and/ or services provided by the Microsoft Corporation. How did the Microsoft Corporation develop into a software monopoly? For the most part, one or several combinations of the following forge monopolies: an amalgamation of smart business decisions, mistakes by competitors, and at times some shady tactics that a company might employ to become a market leader and monopoly of today. Microsoft had its beginning during the 1970s when IBM was the computer hardware giant of the industry. In 1975 Microsoft was the producer of programming languages for MIPS Altair 7500 (Conigliaro1996). In 1981, Microsoft purchased an operating system for an Intel based 8086 chip from a small company named Seattle Computer Products and redesigned its product to sell it to license it to IBM for its new personal computer (PC) (Conigliaro1996). The redesigned product was released under the name MS DOS 1.0. IBM being a monopoly at that time in the hardware department, by allowing Microsoft to provide the operating system to its PCs, then an outside source, relinquished control of the software industry to this up-and-coming powerhouse. Microsoft retained the right to license their operating system to other manufacturers and helped spur the massive IBM clone industry. Microsoft became one of the leaders in the computer industry during the 1980s with the help of technologies that help provide PCs for an information hungry age and with Microsoft providing the operating systems for a high percentage of the PCs sold. By the late 1980s, Microsoft controlled the operating system market; versions of MS-DOS ran over 80% of personal computers (Conigliaro1996). However, Microsoft did not control any of the application markets, this honor went to Lotus, which at the time had the top spreadsheet, 1-2-3 and WordPerfect had the leading word processors, WordPerfect. When Microsoft introduced Microsoft Windows 3.1 in the 1990s, it locked in Microsoft in the driver seat for what is now the software monopoly that exists. Soon after, Microsoft introduced Excel 3.0 for Windows and Word for Windows 2.0. Lotus and WordPerfect did not realize the effects that Windows 3.0 would have on the industry and did not plan ahead for the evolution (Gleick 1995). The claim has also been made that Microsoft used its control over the operating system and graphical user interface markets to help growth in the applications market. Some executives spoke of the â€Å"Chinese Wall†, that is some of the developers learned to take advantage of the operating system before other companies could who did not have the access (Gleick 1995). They were also accused of when introducing new technology called object linking embedding (OLE) in Windows, they would provide the technology to Excel 3.0 developers to incorporate it into Excel before the technology was available to other companies. Making it possible for applications on a system to work with other applications made by Microsoft before competitors could have a chance to compete and provide the same or a comparable application. With the introduction of Windows 3.1 (an update on 3.0) and Microsoft having the edge, Microsoft’s Excel, Word and Office started to dominate the application market. The dawn of Microsoft the monopoly empire was on the horizon. In the 1990s Microsoft began to diversify with its dominance over the application and operating systems it began to get into producing products for multimedia, business operation systems, and now even games and online services. They have been accused of shady business practices when they attempted to purchase Intuit, the software company that owns Quicken, the world’s most popular personal finance manager. And Microsoft’s pairing Windows 95 with The Microsoft Network, both moves are threatening to new competitors because of the barriers they create. They also generate risks to innovation and competition through the entire industry. Microsoft has used its power as the leader in the market with operating systems to grow into the power that it is now. A combination of good business tactics, regretful business choices by competitors, and finally Microsoft using its new power has made Microsoft untouchable by competitors. We have several examples of monopolies in our past as a nation, and we have found that monopolies have a tendency to stiffen innovation. With computer systems innovation is important to continue and stay ahead of the market. The example we can think about is IBM, when IBM split its business it opened the door to several new businesses that have only helped society. Is Microsoft going to help society if it is ordered to split? We can only wait and see. By making Microsoft split it will open the door to new ideas from small entrepreneurs that might have the next great operating system. # Microsoft has long enjoyed Olympian profit margins, using its monopoly power to maintain prices on its software even in tough times. But now, amid a terrible downturn and rising competition, CEO Steven A. Ballmer is shifting to a scrappier approach. He is cutting prices on a variety of fronts, from flagship Windows and Office products to newfangled Internet services. The idea is to accept lower margins in some businesses but boost overall earnings by going after a grab bag of growth opportunities. These range from expanding its share of big companies software purchases to lowering the price of Office software so consumers in emerging markets pay for it rather than pirate it. With the outlook so cloudy, were focusing on gaining share in those areas that are most critical, says Stephen A. Elop, who heads the business division. On July 13, Elop demonstrated the new Office 2010 in New Orleans. While Microsoft expects most customers to pay for the program the way they always have, less powerful, ad-supported versions will be available free on the Web. The company is also charging a monthly fee for online applications, such as the e-mail program Exchange, which is about a third as profitable as selling the software on CDs. And on Oct. 22, Microsofts new Windows 7 PC operating system will go on sale in stores for $40 less than the $240 it charged when it launched its Vista program in 2007—the biggest price cut on a new version of Windows in years. All of these moves amount to a risky experiment in price elasticity. By lowering prices, the company hopes to increase sales of existing products while making fast headway with new ones. If the company can gain enough market share to cover its massive costs in Web services and Internet search—notably, its vast data centers—every extra dollar will be pure profit. Im not saying it will be easy, says Ballmer. But we have great opportunities to grow total profit dollars. ONLY $29 IN CHINAMicrosoft is cutting the price of Office and offering the free versions of Word, Excel, and other programs to head off competition from Google and other rivals that offer similar software at little or no cost. Microsoft has so many promotions for Office that its effective price is $100, down from $150, and even lower in such countries as Brazil and India. But the experience is sparking optimism at Microsoft about the new strategy. The company says unit sales of Office surged 415% in the second half of last year. The most aggressive price cut has come in China, where Microsoft says 95% of Office installations have been pirated. Since it began testing a $29 offer in China last September, sales have soared morethan 800%. The low price was like taking firewood from under the cauldron of piracy, says Liu Tianxiang, a vice-president with Beijing Federal Software, a Chinese software distributor. He figures Microsoft has sold 80,000 copies of Office in China since the trial started. Now Microsoft intends to make the low price permanent. Not surprisingly, Microsoft continues to hunt for ways to offset price cuts. It hopes to boost the bottom line by encouraging Windows 7 software users to upgrade more often. Since the program CD will come loaded with multiple versions, users who buy the cheaper Starter edition can easily pay later to get premium features. Of course, that risks annoying users—when rivals such as Google are trying to lure customers with cheaper alternatives. But in the current economy, theres no risk-free way to stay ahead.

The Importance of Philosophy Essay -- Philosophy Philosophical Essays

The Importance of Philosophy The question is Philosophy. Why is it important? What makes it important? To answer theses questions you first have to know what philosophy is. Philosophy is defined as: the pursuit of wisdom; a search for a general understanding of values and reality by chiefly speculative rather than observational means. This is the written definition of philosophy, but I think philosophy can’t be defined to just words. It’s more then words. Philosophy to me is an attempt to understand the world. To understand philosophy one must not look for a solid definition. It is easier to understand it if one is actually doing it. Why don’t you try it out now, take the ever so popular phrase â€Å"to be or not to be.† One thing can’t, be and not be at the same time. If something is there, that can be touched, seen, held, or even look at, you can consider it to be, to exist. One can’t say that it does not exist because the object in reality is there. It can’t be there and not be there at the same time. Another way to try to understand philosophy is to find out where it came from and what the word means when it is broken down. The term philosophy comes from the Greek for â€Å"love of wisdom,† giving us two important starting points: love (or passion) and wisdom (knowledge, understanding) First we’ll start off with love or passion. One must understand that philosophy shouldn’t be pursed without love or passion. You must not think of philosophy as work. It must not be force upon you. You have to want to do philosophy. If your love or passion in philosophy isn’t there, then you truly aren’t seeking wisdom. One must have a passion for what they are philosophizing to actually gain the wisdom in which they are seeking. Next would be wisdom. Wisdom is forever sought out by us as we grow and we mature. One normally doesn’t consider the seeking of wisdom philosophy, but that is where they are wrong. This search for wisdom brings us back to the prior topic of passion or love. When we look at things, most of us look for answers to how they work. For instance, snow; when you were smaller you probably had no idea what snow was. You probably didn’t know what is was made up of and where it came from. As a growing child trying to understand the world, one would probably seek out to understand how it worked. Thus, you probably asked your parents. This asking or seeking of k... ...uestion is always there but unfortunately the answer isn’t. What’s meant by this is you can always ask a question, whether it is good question or a bad question really depends upon ones interpretation of the question. Since the answer isn’t always there in philosophy you must not give up on it. What you must understand asking questions to further seek wisdom is good for ones mind even if the question can’t be answered. Then again some answers might even lead to into further questions. Therefore, you might be stuck in a certain question or understanding for some time but it doesn’t matter as long as you keep seeking of the true and honest answer. Now after all these reasoning and explanations, hopefully you can see what philosophy is and how it is important to our daily lives. It helps us understand what is going on around us. It helps us understand how things work. It helps us understand ourselves. For this we should be grateful to all the people who sought out for answers, who questioned other peoples’ thoughts, and who never stop seeking wisdom. For without philosophy, without human curiosity, without questioning, without asking, there in no way we would be where we are today.

Enthalpy of formation of calcium carbonate Essay

Objective To determine the enthalpy of formation of calcium carbonate Procedures A. Reaction of calcium with dilute hydrochloric acid 1. 1. 0909 g of calcium metal was weighed out accurately. 2. 100 cm3 of approximately 1 M hydrochloric acid was pipetted. and placed in a plastic beaker. 3. The initial temperature of the acid was determined 4. The weighed calcium was added into the acid and stirred thoroughly with the thermometer until all the metal had reacted. 5. The maximum temperature attained by the solution was recorded. 6. The experiment was repeated with 1. 0538g calcium metal. Results: Experiment no. 1 2. Mass of Ca used/ g 1. 0909 1. 0538 Initial temp. of solution/ ? 27 26 final temp. of solution/ ? 55 52 Temperature change/ ? 28 26 Calculations and Discussion: 1. What does the term â€Å"heat of formation† of a substance mean? Heat of formation refers to the heat change when one mole of a substance is formed from its constituent elements is their standard states under standard conditions. 2. What are â€Å"standard conditions† for thermochemical calculations? Standard conditions is defined as elements or compounds appear in their normal physical states at a pressure of 1 atm (101325 Nm-2/760mmHg) and at temperature of 25 oC (298 K). Moreover, the solution should have unit activity(1mol dm-3 ). 3. Write the equation for the formation of calcium carbonate under standard conditions. (Call this Equation 1) Ca(s) + C(s) + 3/2 O2(g) –> CaCO3(s) 4. Write an ionic equation for the reaction taken place. (Call this Equation 2) Ca(s) + 2H+(aq. ) ? Ca2+(aq. ) + H2(g) 5. Assuming (a) the solution in the plastic beaker has the same specific heat capacity as water, i. e. , 4. 2 kJg-1K-1 and (b) density of the acid is the same as that of water, i. e. , 1. 0 g cm-3. Calculate, in each experiment, the heat change in the reaction between the calcium and the acid per gram of calcium. For the first experiment: ?Energy evolved by the reaction= Energy absorbed by the acid ?By E = mc? T, ?H per gram of calcium = [(100/1000)(4200)(28)]/ 1. 0909 = -10780J g-1 = -10. 780kJ g-1 For the second experiment: ?Energy evolved by the reaction= Energy absorbed by the acid ?By E = mc? T, ?H per gram of calcium = [(100/1000)(4200)(26)]/ 1. 0538 = -10362J g-1 = -10. 362kJ g-1 6. Calculate the average heat evolved by one mole of calcium. For the first experiment:?H per one mole of calcium =[(100/1000)(4200)(28)]/ [1. 0909/40. 08] =-432066 J mol-1 =-432. 066 kJ mol-1 For the second experiment: ?H per one mole of calcium =[(100/1000)(4200)(26)]/ [1. 0538/40. 08] =-415329 J mol-1 =-415. 329 kJ mol-1 Average ? H per one mole of calcium (? Hx) =(432. 066 +415. 329)/2 =-423. 698 kJ mol-1 7. Why is the exact concentration of the hydrochloric acid unimportant? Approximate concentration of hydrochloric acid is not considered as one of the errors. In the reactions, limiting agents, i. e. calcium and calcium carbonate, must be reacted completely. Only these matter in the reaction but not the amount of H+(aq) provided in hydrochloric acid. Indeed, the concentration of the hydrochloric acid just affects the rate of the reaction. Therefore the exact concentration of hydrochloric acid is unimportant provided that there is enough H+(aq) to react with limiting agents completely. 8. Should we measure the volume of acid with a measuring cylinder? Why? The measuring cylinder should not be used to measure the volume of acid. This is because the heat absorbed by the acid must be counted when calculating the heat change of the reaction. As the acid has very high specific heat capacity, the errors in calculating the heat change of the reaction will be very significant if the heat absorbed by acid is not taken into account. Thus, the volume of acid should be obtained accurately to apply into E=mc? T in order to calculate the heat absorbed by the acid accurately. As the scale of the measuring cylinder is far from accurate, the pipette should be used instead. B. Reaction of calcium carbonate with dilute hydrochloric acid 1. 3. 0940g of dry powdered calcium carbonate was weighed out accurately and placed directly into a clean dry plastics cup. 2. 100 cm3 of approximately 1 M hydrochloric acid was pipetted into another beaker. 3. The acid was poured on the carbonate in the plastic beaker. 4. The solution was stirred briskly with the thermometer and the maximum temperature reached by the solution. was recorded. 5. The experiment was repeated with 2. 7400g of dry powdered calcium carbonate. Results: Experiment no. 1 2 Mass of CaCO3 used/ g 3. 0940 2. 7400 Initial temp. of solution/ ? 26 25 final temp. of solution/ ? 28 27 Temperature change/ ? 2 2 Calculations and Discussion: 1. Write an ionic equation for the reaction taken place. (Call this Equation 3) CO32-(aq. ) + 2 H+(aq. ) ? CO2(g) + H2O(l) 2. Calculate the average heat evolved by one mole of calcium carbonate. (Making the same assumptions as in Part A) For the first experiment: ?Energy evolved by the reaction= Energy absorbed by the acid ?By E = mc? T, ?H per mole of calcium carbonate = [(100/1000)(4200)(2)]/[(3. 0940/(40. 08+12. 01+16Ãâ€"3)] =840 /[(3. 0940)/(100. 09)] =-27174 J mol-1 =-27. 174 kJmol-1 For the second experiment: ?Energy evolved by the reaction= Energy absorbed by the acid ? By E = mc? T, ?H per mole of calcium carbonate = [(100/1000)(4200)(2)]/[(2.7400/(40. 08+12. 01+16Ãâ€"3)] =840 /[(2. 7400)/(100. 09)] =-30685 J mol-1 =-30. 685 kJmol-1 Average ? H per one mole of calcium (? Hy) =(27. 174 +30. 685)/2 =-29. 080kJ mol-1 3. Draw an energy-cycle linking Equations 1, 2 and 3 together, you must include reactions that had not been performed in the experiment. 2H+(aq. ) +Ca(s) + C(s) + 3/2 O2(g) CaCO3(s) + 2H+(aq. ) ?Hx ? Hy Ca2+(aq. ) + H2(g) + C(s) + 3/2 O2(g) Ca2+(aq. ) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) 4.. Besides your experimental results, what other information do you need to enable you to calculate the heat of formation of calcium carbonate? Look up these necessary data from any suitable source. The enthalpy change of formation of water: -286 kJ mol-1 The enthalpy change of formation of carbon dioxide: -393 kJ mol-1 5. Calculate the heat of formation of calcium carbonate. ?H? f [CaCO3(s) ] =? Hx +? H? f [CO2(g)] +? H? f [H2O(l) ] -? Hy =-423. 698-393-286+29. 080 =-1073. 6 kJ mol-1 6. As far as you can, list out the major sources of inaccuracy in the experiment and suggest ways to improve them whenever possible. Sources of error: – Heat loss to surrounding by evaporation, conduction and radiation. -The thermometer absorbed some energy. – The specific heat capacity and the density of the solution are not actually the same as those of the water. -Some of the samples failed to dissolve completely? – The reading of the thermometer is not accurate enough. -The experiment was not exactly carried out under standard conditions. -Some heat was gained by the gases, a considerable amount of heat is loss to surroundings when the gases are releasing. -The lid covering the plastic cups cannot prevent heat loss efficiently. -Heat capacities of plastic cups and thermometer were ignored. -The samples were not pure calcium and pure calcium carbonate due to air oxidation and reaction with moisture in air. Improvements -Use the vacuum flask calorimeter with a cork stopper instead of the polystyrene foam cup -Use a more accurate reading thermometer (e. g. Beckmann thermometer) – Find out the specific heat capacity of other materials other than water. -Use sand paper to remove the oxide layer on calcium metal. -Use powdered calcium instead of the granules in order to increase the rate of reaction ,so that the heat loss to the surroundings can be reduced 7. State the law which you have used in order to answer Question (5). The heat of formation of calcium carbonate cannot be determined directly by calorimetric experiments as there are several experimental difficulties : -The extent of the reaction cannot be controlled -Heat evolved cannot be separated into appropriate terms -Direct combustion of calcium can be violent -Side reactions may arise, for example, 2Ca(s) + O2(g) 2CaO(s) C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) Then ,Hess’s Law is applied to calculate the heat of formation of calcium carbonate. Hess’s law states that the energy change for any chemical or physical process is independent of the pathway or number of steps required to complete the process provided that the final and initial reaction conditions are the same. In other words, an energy change is path independent, only the initial and final states being of importance. This path independence is true for all state functions 8. State the law which you have used in order to answer Question (7) depends? Why is this principle useful? The law of conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can be changed from one form to another. In order to achieve the answer, Hess’s law is used. Hess’s law states that the total enthalpy change of a reaction is independent of the route by which the reaction takes place. In other words, the standard enthalpy change of a reaction depends on the differences in standard enthalpy between the reactants and the products. It means that the enthalpy of the reaction system is conserved. As the absolute enthalpy of a substance is not possible to be determined and only the difference between reactants and products can be measured experimentally. This law helps us to define the standard enthalpy change of a reaction. Conclusion The enthalpy of formation of calcium carbonate is -1073. 6kJ mol-1. Reference http://hk. knowledge. yahoo. com/question/? qid=7006100200879 http://hk. knowledge. yahoo. com/question/question? qid=7007111800043 http://www. answers. com/8. %09Should+we+measure+the+volume+of+acid+with+a+measuring+cylinder%3F+Why%3F http://hk. search. yahoo. com/search/kp? ei=UTF-8&p=word%E6%89%93%E5%88%86%E7%B7%9A&rd=r1&fr2=tab-web&fr=FP-tab-web-t F. 6 Chemistry Notes Section III by Ms Sin W L.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton Fighting for Womens Rights Essay

Elizabeth Cady Stanton Elizabeth Cady Stanton didn’t want to be remembered as a household but the women they will admire. The purpose of this paper is to explain the life of Elizabeth Stanton and how she had a huge effect on the outcome of seeking equal rights for woman. Early Childhood First of all, the most famous influential feminist lead was known when she was a child. Elizabeth was born in November 12, 1815 in Johnstown, NY (Elizabeth Cady Stanton Biography). Her father was a judge and her mother was a house wife; during that time females where thought of 2nd class citizens and had few rights (Salisbury). Elizabeth’s wealthy parents hired Scottish nurses and there slave Peter Teabout to take care of the girls; the Cady sisters†¦show more content†¦Judge Cady wanted his daughters to marry men that became familiar with the law, but instead she married secretly Henry Stanton a social reformer in 1840; also went into law to get along with his wife’s parents. They had 7 children in total, 2 girls and 5 boys (Salisbury). Shortly, the Stanton’s traveled to London for an Anti-Slavery Convention and talked more about the participation of women which was denied by the council; Henry Stanton made a huge speech to let women con tribute in the meeting but he voted not to let women get involved. Elizabeth met Lucretia Mott and promised to â€Å"form a society to advocate the rights of woman† (Salisbury). The Stanton’s moved to Massachusetts and there were more social, cultural, political opportunities (Salisbury). Therefore in every aspect she did, Stanton will do it with pride. For example housekeeping, cooking also any other jobs a woman Estrada 4 will do in the 1800’s, managing their home. Even though Stanton liked where she was they moved to Seneca, Falls and met with her old friend Mott. In 1848, they granted their promise and held the first Women’s Rights Convention, in addition to this, the people who attended this meeting believed or wanted to have equal power as men. In the Convention Stanton drafted the Declaration of Sentiments which is similar to the Declaration of Independence, â€Å"the best protection any women canShow MoreRelatedEssay on Elizabeth Cady Stantons Fight for Equality 1252 Words   |  6 PagesElizabeth Cady Stanton was not just a mother, daughter, feminist, and writer; but she is the woman who changed the lives of women everywhere by fighting for equality. Stanton lived a normal childhood, but one that motivated her to never give up hope in reaching her goal. A quick background of her life will help better understand why she became such a powerful woman’s rights activ ist. Also, what she accomplished that changed history and how it still affects us today in 2011. 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Diabetes Mellitus Is A Disease - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2833 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/05/07 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Diabetes Essay Did you like this example? Statistics from the United States Department of Agriculture have shown that demand for healthy, organic food has been steadily rising over the past decade. This increase in demand has led to more stores offering a wider variety of healthy food options. Although shopping for healthier food is becoming easier, deciding how healthy a particular food is can be very difficult. Most foods provide several different nutrients, so each meal must contain combinations of foods that deliver a full array of nutrients. The amount of each macronutrient in a specific food item is also important. The Nutrition Facts panel provides valuable nutrition information such as serving sizes, nutrient quantities, and Daily Values. In addition to the serving size and the servings per container, food labels present nutrient information in both quantities and percentages of standards called the Daily Values. These values reflect dietary recommendations for nutrients. All packaged food must also contain a list of all ingredients according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Consumers who understand how to read labels are best able to apply the information to achieve and maintain healthful dietary practices. Therefore, reading food labels can help consumers make healthy choices. For those who suffer from diabetes, reading food labels and understanding the values has a direct effect on the treatment of and delaying complications that arise from diabetes. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Diabetes Mellitus Is A Disease" essay for you Create order Diabetes mellitus is a disease in which the body is unable to produce insulin and/or use insulin successfully, causing elevated levels of blood glucose and irregular carbohydrate metabolism. In a healthy individual, insulin levels rise after eating to help the cells absorb glucose from food. In diabetics, the body is either unable to secrete the insulin needed for glucose absorption or cells may have become resistant to insulin. There are two main types of diabetes, type 1 and type 2. Type 1 diabetes, also known as juvenile-onset or insulin dependent diabetes, is an autoimmune destruction of the cells that produce insulin. Type 2 diabetes occurs when the cells have developed a resistance to insulin. To offset the resistance, the pancreatic cells produce more insulin, yet the additional insulin is unable to compensate. Therefore, people with type 2 diabetes often have high levels of both insulin and blood glucose. The precise cause of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes is unknown but there are triggers for each. Type 1 develops during childhood and follows a related illness. Often, type 1 diabetics are genetically predisposed. Type 2 develops in middle aged adults and is often triggered by lifestyle choices. More than 80 percent of type 2 diabetics are obese. Prevalence increases with age and lack of physical activity. Genetic factors, such as ethnicity, also plays a role in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes mellitus is the seventh leading cause of death in the united states today. This disease affects 29 million people with about 28 percent unaware that they have the disease. More than one-third of the U.S. population suffer from prediabetes. In 2013, every state in the U.S. had a prevalence of six percent or greater. According to the World Health Organization, the global prevalence among adults has risen from 4.7% in 1980 to 8.5% in 2014. An estimated 1.6 million deaths were caused by diabetes in 2016 and another 2.2 million deaths were due to high blood glucose in 2012. Diabetes also leads to other serious health complications. Damaged caused by diabetes expedites the development of atherosclerosis in the heart, brain and limbs. The most common causes of death in individuals with long term diabetes are heart attack and stroke. Long-term diabetes is also associated with damages to the capillary structure and function. The primary microvascular complications are retinopathy, damage to the capillaries of the retina, and nephropathy, damage to the capillaries of the kidneys. Nearly 2.6% of global blindness is a result of diabetes. Nearly 50 percent of diabetics will also develop neuropathy. Diabetic neuropathy involves damage to the peripheral nerves, the most common form in diabetics, or the autonomic nerves that control body organs and glands. If neuropathy occurs in the feet, the chances of developing foot ulcers, infection and eventual need for limb amputation increases. Diabetic ketoacidosis occurs when the body has an extreme lack of insulin. Without insulin, triglycerides in adipose tissue and the protein in muscles are broken down resulting in an increased supply of fatty acids as well as amino acids. This fuels the production of ketone bodies, which are acidic, and glucose in the liver. Patients experiencing diabetic ketoacidosis suffer from severe ketosis, acidosis, hyperglycemia (extremely high blood glucose concentration) and dehydration. Ketone body accumulation is characterized by a fruity odor on a persons breath. Significant urine loss accompanies the hyperglycemia, as well as fatigue, lethargy, nausea, and vomiting. The mental state may vary from alert to comatose (diabetic coma). For type 1 diabetics, the most common complication is hypoglycemia: low blood glucose. Inappropriate management of diabetes such as excessive dosages of insulin or antidiabetic drugs, prolonged exercise and skipped or delayed meals can lead to hypoglycemia. It is the most frequent cause of coma in insulin dependent patients and accounts for four to ten percent of deaths in type 1 diabetics. Symptoms of hypoglycemia include sweating, heart palpitations, shakiness, hunger, weakness, dizziness, and irritability. Mental confusion keeps the patient from recognizing the symptoms and taking action. Severe hypoglycemia or a delay in treatment can cause irreversible brain damage. There is no cure for diabetes, but with careful self-management and control, diabetics can live long and healthy lives. Managing blood glucose levels requires a delicate balancing of food, exercise and medication. Treatment involves maintaining blood glucose levels within a desirable range to prevent or reduce the risk of complications. Frequent adjustments are necessary to maintain good glycemic control. Other treatment goals include maintaining healthy blood lipid concentrations, controlling blood pressure, and managing weight, all of which helps decrease the risk of developing diabetic complications. Treatment among the two types of diabetes slightly differs. Treatment for type 1 diabetics requires insulin therapy. The forms of insulin differ by their onset of action, timing of peak activity, and duration of effects. They are classified by rapid acting, short acting, intermediate acting, or long acting. These classifications allow flexibility of day to day dietary needs. Type 2 diabetes can be initially treated with nutrition therapy and exercise, but most patients who cannot maintain glycemic control will need antidiabetic medications or insulin eventually. A health care team comprised of a diabetic specialist and a Certified Diabetes Educator, whom is often a nurse or dietitian, provides an individual with the knowledge and skills necessary to implement treatment. Patients must learn about appropriate meal planning, how to monitor blood glucose levels, correct medication administration, weight management, physical activity, and prevention and treatment of diabetic complications. Treatment largely involves monitoring glycemic status by using a glucose meter, a device used for self-testing of glucose concentrations. The meter reads a drop of blood from a finger prick that is applied to a chemically treated paper strip. This testing provides feedback when the patient adjusts food intake, medications, and physical activity and is helpful for preventing hypoglycemia. Patients with type 1 diabetes should measure blood glucose levels more frequently to prevent complications. Some patients achieve better glycemic control by also using a continuous glucose monitoring system. This device is placed under the skin and monitors blood glucose levels every few minutes. The frequency of self-monitoring varies according to the specific needs of individual patients. Diet and exercise plays a huge role in improving glycemic control and preventing acute and chronic complications. The nutrition care plan has to factor in personal preferences and lifestyle habits. In addition, dietary intakes must be modified occasionally to accommodate growth, lifestyle changes, aging, and complications that may develop. A registered dietitian designs and implements the nutrition therapy for diabetic patients. This dietary care plan focuses on specific macronutrients and how much a patient should intake. The percent of calories from carbohydrate, fat, and proteins depends on food preferences and metabolic factors. Consistency in carbohydrate intake is important for glycemic control, unless the patient is undergoing intensive insulin therapy that matches insulin doses to carbohydrate intakes at each meal. The more grams of carbohydrate ingested, the greater the glycemic response. Therefore, carbohydrate recommendation must be based in part on the persons metabolic needs, types of insulin or other medications used to manage the diabetes, as well as individual preferences. Sources for carbohydrates should be vegetables, fruits, whole grains, nuts, and milk products. Different carbohydrate-containing foods have different effects on blood glucose levels as well as each portion size. A foods glycemic effect is influenced by a number of factors including the type of carbohydrate in a food, the fiber content, the preparation method, and other foods included in a meal. Diabetic patients must consume foods that are high in fiber and minimally processed. A diabetic can manage food intake in two main ways: by carbohydrate counting or by meal planning. Carbohydrate-counting is simpler and more flexible than other menu-planning approaches and are widely used for diabetics. The dietitian must first learn about the patients usual food intake and calculates nutrient and energy needs and give the patient a daily carbohydrate allowance. That allowance is then divided into a number of meals and snacks according to individual preferences. The carbohydrate allowance can be expressed in grams or as the number of carbohydrate portions allowed per meal. The patient should only be concerned about meeting carbohydrate goals and may choose any of the carbohydrate-containing food groups when planning meals. This allows the individual to have the freedom to choose the foods desired without risking loss of glycemic control. This basic carbohydrate-counting method is helpful, but requires a consistent carbohydrate intake to match the medication regimen. Meal planning allows individuals to create an eating plan by choosing foods with specified portions from a variety of food lists. The lists group foods according to their proportions of carbohydrate, fat, and protein so that all items on a particular list have similar macronutrient and energy contents. Each food on a food list can be substituted for any other food on the same list without affecting the macronutrient balance in a meal. The food list is helpful for patients wanting to maintain a diet with specific macronutrient percentages, but it is less flexible than carbohydrate counting and has no advantages for maintaining glycemic control. The food lists may be helpful for patients using carbohydrate-counting methods because the portions are similar to the portions used in carbohydrate counting. Because diabetes is also referred to as the sugar disease many people believe the misconception that diabetics need to avoid sugar and sugar-containing foods. Consumption of sugar does not adversely affect glycemic control. Therefore, sugar recommendations for diabetics are often similar to those for the general population: minimize foods and beverages that contain added sugars. Realistically, sugars and sugary foods must be included in the daily carbohydrate allowance. Fructose is not advised because excessive dietary fructose may adversely affect blood lipids unless it is naturally occurring, such as in fruits. Sugar alcohols and artificial sweeteners are great sugar substitutes because they contain no digestible carbohydrate. Nutrition bars are a nutritional supplement that comes in a variety of brands and flavors. The demand for convenience foods has aided the growth of the protein bar market, which was valued at 837 million United States Dollars in 2016. They appeal to those looking for a quick meal replacement without sacrificing their health. These bars claim to promote weight management, improved muscle mass, and increasing energy. They can be found almost anywhere, in grocery and convenient stores as well as many fitness gyms and nutritional supplement based companies. Since protein bars are associated with good health, they can be ideal consumers with specific dietary needs. Choose Your Foods: Food Lists for Weight Management even list a snack bar as a recommended for diabetics. According to Protectivity insurance company, there are more than 50 different bars on the market. Each brand has its own health claim. Some brands, like the Lara Bar, pride themselves on having very few ingredients. Others promote themselves as protein bars or as meal replacements. With so many options, it can be hard choosing which bar to consume. But are all nutritional bars as healthy as they claim to be? Some bars may not be a good choice, especially for those, like diabetics, with specific dietary needs. To decide if nutrition bars should be recommended for diabetics, I compared the nutritional values of four different brands of bars: Zone Perfect in chocolate peanut butter, Lara Bar in peanut butter cookie, RX Bar in peanut butter chocolate and Clif bar in chocolate chip peanut crunch. The table below shows nutritional facts for each bar. The daily recommended macronutrient value depends on food preferences and metabolic factors such as lipid levels. Suggested values for the general population are often used as a guideline though they differ for each individual. For example, studies suggest that women should intake 2,000 calories per day to maintain and men should intake around 2,500 calories. These values will differ based on age, weight height, levels of activity and metabolic factors. In general, the United States Department of Agriculture suggest that 45-65% of total kilocalories should be from carbohydrates, 20-35% from fat, and 10-35% from protein. These values are used as a guideline for diabetic individuals as well, with an emphasis on carbohydrate intake because of the direct correlation between carbohydrates and blood sugar concentrations. All the percent daily values are within the recommended guidelines, but few of the values are vague. At a glance, the amount of sugar in each nutrition bar seems acceptable. The American Heart Association suggest that individuals should limit their daily intake of added sugars to six teaspoons (25 grams) per day for women and nine teaspoons (37.5 grams) per day for men. There is no true guideline for the amount of natural sugars we should consume each day, but the World Health Organization recommends having two to three servings of fruit per day. For those with diabetics, it is encouraged to minimize added sugars even further. Although each bar lists their sugar percentages, only two of the four list if these sugars are from added sugars. The Lara Bar and the RX Bar both have zero added sugars. This means that all sugars in each are from naturally occurring sugars in fruit. Neither the Zone Perfect bar nor the Clif Bar list if these sugars are added, but the list of ingredients certainly identifies them. Both bars contain multiple variations of syrup, meaning they both have added sugars. Both bars also do not list any fruits or dried fruits as an ingredient, so it is safe to assume that all the sugar in both bars are from added sugars. Though the Zone Perfect and Clif bar are still within the recommended range for added sugars, they both have more than half of the total recommended daily amount. If a normal individual were to eat a Clif bar, they would only have five grams of allowed added sugar left to consume that day (17.5 grams if male). Because diabetics are urged to limit their added sugar intake further, consuming a Clif bar could leave no room for any other added sugars in other meals or snacks. It would be fairly easy for any diabetic to exceed their added sugar allowance. Along with the high sugar content, the Zone Perfect bar also has a high saturated fat percentage. A healthy individual should intake no more than 10% of their daily calories in saturated fat. The Zone bar contains one-fifth of the daily recommended value of a person consuming around 2,000 calories per day. But what if the person is diabetic? Since diabetes is closely related to cardiovascular disease, the amount of saturated fat should be kept at less than 7%. The Zone bar is still within range, but it does not leave much room for other meals or snacks. A diabetic would have to keep a very close eye on their saturated fat content of each meal. By comparing these four nutrition bars, we can see that these bars are vastly different from each other. Because diabetics should watch their added sugar intake, they should stay away from bars like Zone Perfect and Clif. Though the Lara Bar and the RX Bar have better ingredients and percent daily values than the other two bars, fruits and vegetables are the overall better option for any individual, especially diabetics. Since treatment for diabetics vary from person to person, nutrition bars should be generally avoided, as should most prepackaged foods. Reading through each food label of different nutritional bars can be tricky. Not all brands are honest, some may not specify if they have added sugars. Instead, they hide the sugars within the list ingredients that can be confusing. Choosing an option like fruit can be the easier option. There is no ingredient list to examine with fruit, no daily values that have to be monitored. Fruits are a very good source of natural sugar and are full of natural fibers and nutrients that are needed and are more cost efficient than nutritional bars.

Cinemex Case Study - 821 Words

a) The opportunities that made Cinemex’s success possible was: - The collapse of the Mexico economy allowed the owners to buy land at a cheaper price, and also help run off competitors - Since all theater had the same films, they focused on the quality of the theater as a form of differentiation (bigger and better screens, carpeting, emergency lights on floors, attractive marquees), while this was standard in the USA, this was new to Mexico - Candy shops were located in the complex, and employees were trained to be polite and provide quick service - Cinemex was the 1st movie chain to allow customers to purchase and reserve their tickets by the web and their phones - Only chain that had 100% digital sound *While these opportunities†¦show more content†¦I would assume that even if his attendance increased, he was offering a lower price so he wouldn’t be bringing in as much money to increase the total revenue, along with the price of tickets dropping I would assume that his revenue dropped. d) The 2 for 1 deal would be better for exhibitors than a straight reduction in price, because with the deal you are able to double the attendance which allows consumers to see more of what you have to offer. Consumers are always looking for a bargain, so a 2 for 1 deal will appeal to the customer more than a reduction in price, as they perceive that they are getting more than what they are paying for. Consumers will feel as if they are saving money, which may help increase sales in refreshments. e) I believe that matching the 2 for 1 deal, was not in the best interest of Cinemex. While it did help boost attendance, Heyman is cutting the prices of the tickets drastically since implementing which in turn cuts down his revenue. Even after his competitors initiated the sale, Weeks 27 – Week 34, Cinemex showed a steady increase in attendance before even implementing the 2 for 1 deal. There are so many outside factors that can help determine the attendance at a movie theater (ex.popularity of films, weather, location, time of year). With the special, more consumers will attend the movies on a Wednesday when they are receiving the deal, which slows down your revenue for the remainder of the week. While Cinemex is

The position of all women in the USA had improved by the end of the 1920’s Free Essays

I believe that the following statement the position of all women in the USA had improved by the end of the 1920’s is not true because only a small percentage of women’s lives changed, these were usually the upper or middle class and those who lived in the cities. I intend to prove my beliefs in the following paragraphs by evaluating the different aspects of their life’s, work, home, society and clothing. Work During the First world war a number of women worked for the first time, some of these jobs had previously been done by men. We will write a custom essay sample on The position of all women in the USA had improved by the end of the 1920’s or any similar topic only for you Order Now Even though women proved that they could do these jobs just as well as the men, many lost their jobs when the men returned from war. Two million more women were employed in 1930 than in 1920, this was however an increase of only 1 per cent. Women achieved almost a third of all degrees by 1930, but only 4% of the professors were women. Women still tended to work in the least skilled and lowest paid jobs and men were still paid more than women for doing the same job. Women did not get much help from the government or police either. The Supreme Court banned laws that set a minimum wage for women workers. Men were still the managers and had the jobs with the best prospects, there were however new jobs for women but they tended to be so called women’s jobs such as librarian’s teachers and nurses. Most women workers still had low paying jobs. In the new radio Industry women were the preferred employees because of their small nimble hands but one of the main reasons why employees were willing to employ women was that they could pay women lower wages than men for performing the same job. Home On the whole these large middle classes do their own housework with few of the mechanical aids, among 10,000 farm houses only 32% had any running water at all, only 57% used washing machines and only 47% had a carpet sweeper. Women who live on farms and they form the largest group in the USA did a great deal of work besides their labour of caring for their children, washing the clothes, caring for the home and cooking, thousands of women still laboured in the fields. Men remained the main breadwinners and women cooked cleaned and raised their children, whereas boys continued to play with guns and grew up to head their families, girls played with dolls and looked forward to careers as wives and mothers. Society After the war and during the 1920’s much changed, at least for middle and upper class women. Many taboos disappeared, women started to smoke in public: sales of cigarettes doubled during the decade. It became acceptable for women to drive, and take part in strenuous sport. Women also socialised with men more easily. Chaperons were abandoned and the pre war waltz gave way to a more daring dance the Charleston. By the mid 1920’s women’s fashions had been transformed. Hemlines shot up. It would have been considered scandalous for a man and unmarried women to meet alone, for whatever reason. It was also socially unacceptable for women to smoke in public before the war, it was illegal in New York. Attitudes towards sex and marriage seemed to be changing a survey in 1920 found that only 31% of the college students questioned had not had sex before marriage compared to 74% of the college students questioned in 1900. New laws made it easier for women to divorce their husbands in 1900 only 81 out of every 1000 marriages ended in divorce but by 1928 the number of marriages ending in divorce had risen to 166 out of every 1000. It now became acceptable for women to see the new superstars such as â€Å"Babe Ruth† at baseball games. There was exciting entertainment at the new cinemas built nationwide where rich and poor, men and women flocked to see Hollywood films featuring stars like Charlie Chaplin and Rudolph Valentino. In the 1920’s middle class women had more free time, partly due to the new domestic labour saving products like vacuum cleaners. If they had a car (as many did ) they were no longer so bound to the home. For thousands of American women in rural areas, the 1920’s did not bring many changes. They continued to play traditional roles within the family . The most significant sign that the roles of women was changing was when in 1920 women had been given the vote entitling them to more political power, this change affected all women nationwide every women had the right to vote despite her status in society. Clothing Clothes had changed, the tight waisted, ankle length, voluminous dresses of pre war days had been replaced by waistless knee length, lightweight dresses. These gave greater freedom of movement as well as being more daring. Before the war women had been expected to have long hair. After the war short hair became a sign of liberation. Make up became popular and sales boomed, led by advertisements. Flapper was a name given to a liberated urban woman. Few women would have regarded themselves as flappers but the flapper represented an extreme example of the changes that were affecting many women. They were identified by their short skirts, bobbed hair, powdered knees, bright clothes and lots of make up. Flappers were mainly upper and middle class women from the Northern states. After carefully evaluating the evidence available concerning the way women’s life’s changed in Society, work, clothing and home I believe that it is evident that only a small percentage of women’s lives changed. These were usually the upper or middle class because they were the only ones who could afford the new mod cons e. g. vacuum cleaner resulting in them having more free time in which they could go and see the new entertainment. Also nearly all upper and middle class women possessed a car compared to a mere 40% working class families meaning that only the upper and middle class were not bound to the home. The position of all women did not improve in the 1920’s because women in rural areas who formed the largest group in the USA did not notice many changes. The only significant change that improved the roles of all women within society was them gaining the vote in 1920, but this led to women losing their unifying cause. A vast majority of women’s life’s stayed the same. How to cite The position of all women in the USA had improved by the end of the 1920’s, Papers